Sunlight: Choose a location that receives full sun for at least 6-8 hours a day.

Soil: Prefers well-drained, fertile soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. Amend the soil with compost or well-rotted manure to enhance fertility and drainage.

When to Plant: Fennel is a cool-season crop that can be planted in early spring or late summer for a fall harvest. In cooler climates, start seeds indoors 4-6 weeks before the last frost date and transplant seedlings outdoors after the danger of frost has passed.

Starting Indoors: Sow seeds 1/4 inch deep in seed-starting mix. Keep the soil moist and maintain a temperature of 60-70°F (15-21°C). Transplant seedlings outdoors when they have 4-6 true leaves.

Direct Sowing: Sow seeds directly in the garden 1/4 inch deep and 6-12 inches apart in rows spaced 18-24 inches apart. Thin seedlings to stand 12-18 inches apart once they are a few inches tall.

Watering: Keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged. Water fennel regularly, especially during dry periods. Mulch around the plants to retain soil moisture and suppress weeds.

Fertilization: Fennel benefits from moderate feeding. Apply a balanced fertilizer or compost at planting time and again when the plants are 3-4 weeks old. Avoid over-fertilizing, as this can lead to excessive foliage growth at the expense of bulb development.

Mulching and Weeding: Apply a layer of mulch around the plants to retain soil moisture, suppress weeds, and keep the soil temperature consistent. Hand-pull weeds carefully to avoid disturbing the shallow roots of the fennel.

Blanching: To blanch the bulbs and improve their flavor, mound soil around the base of the plants when they are about the size of a golf ball. This will keep the bulbs tender and white.

Pest and Disease Management: Fennel is relatively pest-resistant but can occasionally suffer from aphids and fungal diseases like powdery mildew. Use organic pest control methods like neem oil or insecticidal soap if necessary. Ensure good air circulation to prevent fungal issues.

When to Harvest: Florence Fennel is typically ready to harvest 80-90 days after planting. Harvest when the bulbs are 3-4 inches in diameter and firm to the touch.

How to Harvest: Use a sharp knife or garden shears to cut the bulb at the base, just above the soil level. You can also harvest the feathery leaves as needed for culinary use.

Storing Fresh Fennel: Freshly harvested fennel bulbs can be stored in the refrigerator for up to a week. Place the bulbs in a plastic bag or container to retain moisture. Fennel leaves can be used fresh or dried for later use.

Culinary Uses: Bulbs: Fennel bulbs can be sliced and added to salads, roasted, grilled, or used in soups and stews. Their sweet, anise-like flavor pairs well with a variety of dishes.

Culinary Uses: Leaves: The feathery leaves can be used as an herb to flavor salads, sauces, and fish dishes. They also make a lovely garnish.