Seed Depth: 1/4–1/2 inch

Seed Spacing: 18–24 inches

Row Spacing: 24–36 inches

Sunlight: Full sun to partial shade

Days to Sprout: 5–10 days

Days to Maturity: 55–75 days

Growth Habit: Upright, bushy biennial (grown as an annual)

Sunlight: Thrives in full sun but tolerates partial shade, especially in warmer climates.

Soil Type: Prefers well-drained, fertile soil with a pH of 6.0–7.5. Add compost or organic matter for optimal growth.

When to Plant: Sow seeds directly outdoors 2–4 weeks before the last frost in spring, or 6–8 weeks before the first frost for a fall crop. Collards perform best in cooler temperatures.

Direct Sowing: Plant seeds 1/4–1/2 inch deep and 18–24 inches apart in rows 24–36 inches apart. Thin seedlings to proper spacing.

Indoor Sowing: Start seeds indoors 4–6 weeks before transplanting for an early start.

Succession Planting: Sow every 2–3 weeks during the cool season for continuous harvests.

Watering: Water deeply and consistently, keeping the soil evenly moist to encourage tender leaves and prevent bolting.

Fertilizing: Use a balanced fertilizer or compost at planting to encourage leafy growth. Apply additional nitrogen during the growing season if needed.

Pruning: Harvest outer leaves regularly to encourage new growth and keep plants healthy.

Pest and Disease Control: Monitor for aphids, cabbage worms, and flea beetles. Use organic treatments or row covers if necessary.

When to Harvest: Harvest leaves when they are 8–12 inches long, typically 55–75 days after planting. Baby leaves can be harvested earlier for tender greens.

How to Harvest: Cut outer leaves with scissors or a sharp knife, leaving the center intact for continued growth. Harvest the entire plant before heavy frost for the sweetest flavor.

Seed Collection: Allow some plants to bolt and form seed pods. Collect seeds once pods are fully dry.

Storing Seeds: Dry seeds thoroughly and store them in an airtight container in a cool, dry place.