Seed Depth: 1/4 inch

Seed Spacing: 12–18 inches

Row Spacing: 24–36 inches

Sunlight: Full sun

Days to Sprout: 7–12 days

Days to Maturity: 90–100 days

Growth Habit: Upright, compact annual

Sunlight: Thrives in full sun, requiring at least 6–8 hours of direct sunlight daily.

Soil Type: Prefers rich, well-drained soil with a pH of 6.0–7.5. Amending with compost or organic matter improves fertility and moisture retention.

When to Plant: Start seeds indoors 6–8 weeks before the last frost. Transplant outdoors when seedlings are 4–6 weeks old and temperatures are consistently above 50°F.

Direct Sowing: In warmer climates, sow seeds directly outdoors in early spring or late summer for a fall harvest.

Indoor Sowing: Sow seeds 1/4 inch deep in seed trays or pots. Transplant when seedlings have 2–3 sets of true leaves.

Succession Planting: Sow every 2–3 weeks for a continuous harvest during the growing season.

Watering: Water deeply and consistently, keeping soil evenly moist but not soggy. Mulch around plants to retain moisture and regulate temperature.

Fertilizing: Apply a balanced fertilizer at planting and mid-season to promote head formation.

Pruning: Remove yellowing or damaged leaves to maintain plant health and prevent disease.

Pest and Disease Control: Watch for aphids, cabbage worms, and flea beetles. Use row covers or organic pest control methods as needed.

When to Harvest: Harvest heads when they are firm, compact, and reach 6–8 inches in diameter, typically 90–100 days after planting.

How to Harvest: Use a sharp knife to cut heads at the base, leaving outer leaves intact for potential secondary growth.

Seed Collection: Allow plants to bolt and form seed pods in their second year. Collect seeds from dried pods.

Storing Seeds: Store seeds in an airtight container in a cool, dry place.