Seed Depth: 1/4 inch

Seed Spacing: 12–18 inches

Row Spacing: 18–24 inches

Sunlight: Full sun to partial shade

Days to Sprout: 7–14 days

Days to Maturity: 60–75 days

Growth Habit: Upright, leafy biennial grown as an annual

Sunlight: Prefers full sun but tolerates partial shade, especially in warmer climates.

Soil Type: Thrives in fertile, well-drained soil with a pH of 6.0–7.5. Enrich with compost or organic matter to boost growth.

When to Plant: Sow seeds directly outdoors in early spring or late summer for a fall crop. For an earlier harvest, start seeds indoors 4–6 weeks before the last frost.

Direct Sowing: Plant seeds 1/4 inch deep, spacing them 12–18 inches apart in rows 18–24 inches apart. Thin seedlings as they grow.

Indoor Sowing: Start seeds in trays and transplant when seedlings are 4–6 inches tall.

Succession Planting: Sow every 2–3 weeks for a continuous harvest of tender leaves.

Watering: Water consistently to keep soil evenly moist but not waterlogged. Mulch around plants to retain moisture and regulate temperature.

Fertilizing: Use a balanced fertilizer or compost at planting and mid-season to encourage leafy growth.

Pruning: Harvest outer leaves regularly to encourage new growth and maintain plant health.

Pest and Disease Control: Watch for aphids, cabbage worms, and flea beetles. Use organic pest control methods and ensure proper spacing for airflow.

When to Harvest: Harvest leaves when they are 6–10 inches long, typically 60–75 days after planting. Baby leaves can be harvested earlier.

How to Harvest: Use scissors or a knife to cut leaves at the base, leaving the central growing point intact for continuous growth.

Seed Collection: Allow plants to bolt and form seed pods. Collect seeds once pods are fully dry.

Storing Seeds: Store seeds in an airtight container in a cool, dry place.